For centuries, Japan’s Ama divers have braved the depths of the sea in search of pearls, abalone, and other marine treasures. Unlike modern scuba divers, these remarkable women rely solely on breath-holding techniques, descending up to 20 meters (65 feet) below the surface without oxygen tanks. Their skill, endurance, and deep connection to the ocean have made them legendary figures in Japan’s coastal communities. But who are the Ama divers, and how have they kept this ancient tradition alive for over 2,000 years?
A Tradition Passed Down Through Generations
The word “Ama” (海女) means “sea woman” in Japanese, a fitting name for these fearless free divers.
Historical records date Ama diving back to at least the 8th century, with mentions in ancient Japanese texts like the Man’yōshū.
Traditionally, Ama divers were women, as they were believed to have better fat distribution than men, helping them withstand cold waters for extended periods.
The skill of Ama diving is not taught in schools but passed down from mother to daughter, ensuring the survival of this unique heritage.
How Ama Divers Work: A Test of Endurance
- Ama divers practice “Shinobi-breathing”, a technique that helps them conserve oxygen while submerged.
A typical dive lasts 30 to 60 seconds, but experienced divers can stay underwater for over two minutes.
Without wetsuits, early Ama divers braved frigid waters wearing only a thin cotton garment called a “fundoshi”. Today, many wear wetsuits, though some still follow tradition.
Ama divers make between 50 to 100 dives per day, resurfacing between each dive to take in deep breaths before going under again.
The Hunt for Ocean Treasures
Ama divers primarily harvest:
Abalone: A highly prized shellfish in Japanese cuisine, often used in sushi and sashimi.
Seaweed: Used in many traditional Japanese dishes.
Natural Pearls: Once a major part of their trade, though now rare due to commercial pearl farming.
Turban Shells and Other Shellfish: Sought after for their unique flavors.
Unlike industrial fishing, Ama diving is sustainable—divers take only what they need and avoid harming marine ecosystems.
The Decline and Revival of Ama Diving
In the mid-20th century, there were over 10,000 fisherwomen in Japan. Today, fewer than 2,000 remain, most of whom are elderly.
The rise of modern fishing methods and pearl farming has reduced the need for traditional female divers.
The Legacy of the Sea Women
Japan’s female divers are more than just skilled free divers—they are the custodians of an ancient maritime tradition. Their strength, endurance, and deep respect for the ocean set them apart in a world where many traditional practices are fading. Though their numbers are dwindling, the spirit of these fisherwomen lives on, inspiring future generations to embrace the sea and honor its treasures.
